Who killed the Neanderthals? Scientists close on an age-old murder mystery
Produced by: BT Desk
Volcanic disruption
Around 37,000 years ago, the massive eruption of Italy's Phlegraean Fields disrupted ecosystems across the Mediterranean, affecting food chains and putting pressure on Neanderthal survival.
Daily struggle
Neanderthals continued their daily activities—crafting tools, hunting, and making jewelry—unaware that environmental changes and dwindling resources were pushing them toward extinction.
Population decline
Neanderthals were already scattered in small, isolated groups, which reduced genetic diversity. Inbreeding made them more vulnerable to health issues, weakening their populations.
Homo sapiens arrives
As modern humans spread across Europe, Neanderthals faced increased competition for resources. Homo sapiens, with better tools and social organization, began to dominate the landscape.
Interbreeding
Neanderthals and modern humans interbred, leading to a genetic exchange. However, this wasn't enough to save Neanderthals, whose populations were already declining.
Environmental challenges
Fluctuating climate and environmental changes further stressed Neanderthal communities, reducing their ability to hunt and gather food, pushing them closer to extinction.
Cultural disadvantage
Neanderthals were skilled toolmakers, but modern humans had more advanced cognitive abilities and communication skills, giving them an advantage in survival and adaptation.
Final collapse
By 34,000 years ago, Neanderthal populations had shrunk to isolated pockets. A combination of inbreeding, competition, and environmental stress caused their numbers to collapse.
No single cause
The extinction of Neanderthals wasn't due to one factor. It was a combination of environmental changes, genetic vulnerabilities, competition with Homo sapiens, and cultural differences that led to their eventual disappearance.